Lessons of The parable of the sadhu Essay Example

Lessons of The parable of the sadhu Paper In The parable of the sadhu Bowen H. McCoy recounts an ethical conflict that confronted he and his companion Stephan while on a private mountaineering expedition in the Himalayas. On the verge of traversing a high altitude pass, which constituted the goal of their expedition, McCoy’s group discovered a near naked local native (sadhu) on the verge of death from starvation and hypothermia.   McCoy’s group clothed the old man and pointed him in a direction where after two days of walking he could find a hut.   McCoy and Stephan then continued with their own trek with a full complement of attending porters and Sherpa guides.   Stephan immediately challenged McCoy for leaving the elderly sadhu to near certain death. McCoy attempts to transfer his own bygone, inhumane moral choice into the broader problem of corporate ethics and business organization.While the essay is apparently utilized by institutions of higher learning such as Berkeley and Harvard to open discussions on those business topics, The parable of the sadhu reads more like the tormented justifications of a errant man attempting to shed his own guilt. If McCoy really believes his experience with the sadhu should be analyzed in the context of the organization of his expedition, then he should have provided the most glaring omission from his essay.   To wit, who was in charge of his group?   Who retained the Sherpa guides?   Who retained their porters?   After all, the most obvious solution to the ethical dilemma of McCoy was to have one or more of his guides and porters accompany the sadhu to the safety of lower elevations.   If the reader were provided with that bit of information, the weighty metaphysical questions raised by McCoy would be a snap to answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons of The parable of the sadhu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons of The parable of the sadhu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons of The parable of the sadhu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having been deprived of that vital data, the reader is left to surmise.   One can infer from the essay that McCoy, in fact, had the final say.  Ã‚   McCoy is confronted by Stephan for having left the old man to die, and it is McCoy who begins the justification process to quiet Stephan’s protestations.   Look says McCoy to Stephan we all cared. We all stopped and gave aid and comfort.  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the conclusion of his essay, McCoy postulates as a possible reason for their neglect of the sadhu’s life perhaps because we did not have a leader who could reveal the greater purpose of the trip to us. It is McCoy who plies Stephan with the incredulous, rhetorical question are you really saying that, no matter what the implications, we should, at the drop of a hat, have changed our entire plan?  Ã‚   The wealthy, Western investment banker considers his recreational trek   of far greater importance (our entire plan) to the life of an Eastern religious pilgrim (the drop of a hat). As McCoy’s justifications mount, they take on a social darwinistic tone.   First, he arbitrarily distinguishes business from philosophy by ascribing action and implementation getting things done exclusively to the former.   If business is individuated and apart from philosophy, when then, anything goes.   When combined with his pronunciamento that the manager who pauses to contemplate what is the ’good’ thing to do threatens the entire enterprise, McCoy has all but nullified any evil in his decision to allow the old sadhu to perish in the snow. Once McCoy acknowledges that hypothetically it could be argued it was not an ethical decision to leave the sadhu behind, he begins to transfer responsibility from any one individual, including himself, to the group as a whole.   Having taken the moral load off his own shoulders he ponders where such a thing as collective or institutional ethics even exists.   He chafes at the idea of the formulation formalized, group ethical rules that clearly delineate what is right and good conduct and what is wrong or evil conduct within an organization.   He find this impractical.   In support of that idea, he describes how he eschews lawyer and colleague advice to avoid conflicts of interest, instead opting to feel my way through conflicts. Two lessons can be learned from The parable of the sadhu that university professors, and certainly business executives, are not likely to suggest. First, beware the philosophizing business man who maintains that business and philosophy do not mix.   While putting on airs of caring a wit for another member of humanity, Mr. McCoy injects ideas that would justify a leader plowing under the weak in achieving the greater interest of strong.   Even when such an overarching interest consists merely of a recreational pursuit.   It is akin to Nike positioning itself as hip and international while at the same time operating inhuman, slave labor sweat shops in Third World countries to maximize its own profits. Second, beware the man who tells you ethical   problems are of such complexity they are beyond the reckoning ability of any single individual.   By telling us the difficulties of dealing with the sadhu were so complex that no one person could handle it, McCoy perfects his own irresponsibility.  Ã‚   I cannot think of a single working class American I have encountered in a half century who would consider the sadhu problem complex in the slightest.   I also cannot think of a common man or woman I have met who would have solved the sadhu problem as Mr. McCoy saw fit.   No, they would not have marched over the pass, porters and Sherpa guides abreast. To   one, they would have accompanied the sadhu back to safety. The essence of The parable of the sadhu is its own antithesis.   McCoy, while making the case for the opposite, quite clearly validates the notion that humanitarian philosophers are required to draft black-letter ethics law for the leaders of industry and commerce (including bankers) who left to their own devices would lose the weak to save the strong.

Causes Of Changing Religious Affiliation

Causes Of Changing Religious Affiliation Free Online Research Papers The practice of the religion of your choice is a basis for America as we know it. With the freedom to choose any religion, it is very easy for people to move from one affiliation to another. Religion can play various roles in a person’s life and the selection or changing of religious affiliation is a major decision and change in one’s life. There are many reasons why a person chooses to change religions. The main causes for this type of change are social stigma, personal relationships, or lifestyle changes. Religions can play the role of providing an identity for followers. Many churches are associated with certain types of behaviors and characteristics. People may presume that follows of Hinduism are highly tolerant and peaceful. There can be positive social stigmas associated with certain religions. However, events in the news can also create negative social stigmas for religions. Many may associate followers of Islam with radical terrorism, and people may also associate Catholics with child abuse. Many followers may not want to carry the social burden associated with certain religions. On the contrary, followers may change to religions to that are viewed positively in society. For these reasons, social stigmas are a major cause for people changing their religions. Religions also serve a purpose of unifying and providing guidance to members of the same household. While many people choose to limit their romantic relationships to people of their same religious affiliation, so many others do not use religion as a consideration when deciding who they may date. Many people are able to have happy relationships with partners of different religious affiliations. However, when two people decide to marry and build a family together, it is desirable to have one religion in the household. For this reason, marriage and relationships are a major cause for people to change religions. Religions have a major impact on a person’s lifestyle, and a person’s lifestyle has a big impact on which religion they practice. When people experience major difficulties that affect their lifestyle, they often look to their religion for guidance, support, and acceptance. Many people who are incarcerated, suffer from life threatening illnesses, or go through major personal losses may reach out to religions that promote forgiveness, healing, and prayer for changes in life. Other people live lifestyles are aren’t accepted by all religious groups, such as homosexuality or interracial marriages. Other people live lonely lives and seek a religion that provides more than a weekly worship service, but social opportunities. These are just a few reasons why lifestyle can be a major cause for a person to change their religious affiliation. Religion plays different roles in our society. Many people don’t choose their religion, but are born into a family that practices a certain religion. As people grow up, there are many different aspects of life that can cause them to seek something different from the religion within which they were raised. Social stigma, personal relationships and marriage, and one’s lifestyle are major causes to people changing their religions. Research Papers on Causes Of Changing Religious AffiliationCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Tirer - to Pull - French Verb Conjugations

Tirer - to Pull - French Verb Conjugations The  French verb  tirer means to pull.  It is also sometimes used to mean  to take. The tables below contain the various conjugations of this regular -er verb.   Conjugations of Tirer Present Future Imperfect Present participle je tire tirerai tirais tirant tu tires tireras tirais il tire tirera tirait nous tirons tirerons tirions vous tirez tirerez tiriez ils tirent tireront tiraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle tir Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je tire tirerais tirai tirasse tu tires tirerais tiras tirasses il tire tirerait tira tirt nous tirions tirerions tirmes tirassions vous tiriez tireriez tirtes tirassiez ils tirent tireraient tirrent tirassent Imperative tu tire nous tirons vous tirez Verb conjugation patternTirer  is a  regular -ER verb

A Broader Passage by Leila Ahmed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Broader Passage by Leila Ahmed - Essay Example The cultural politics have also embarked limitation on the narratives. It should be noted that the author has discussed the gender difference in this context as well. This makes it evident to note that the relationship between identity, power, narratives and politics is interrelated. This paper aims to provide an address regarding the relationship between identity, narrative and politics within the context of Ahmed’s experiences during her long life development. Ahmed discusses the relationship between identity, culture and politics in an interrelated manner. For instance, at one point, the author notes that she was able to speak English which made her consider Arabic language as an inferior language. Being in Egypt, Islamic population was made weak as they have not been given a free hand to experience the rituals of world. Ahmed notes that it is the politics that define the culture and identity of an individual. Egyptian politics have rather made people liable of expressing t hemselves in a sphere which does not allow complete liberty. In the case of women, this seems to be stricter as politics have embarked the role of women in Islamic states like Egypt to be fairly limited to their homes and nurture of family (Ahmed). It will not be incorrect to state that it is due to the lack of political liberty that people Islamic people are grouped with people from Africa and furthermore, they are termed as black people.

Data versus information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data versus information - Essay Example When the electric circuit is on it represents a â€Å"1† and when it is off it represents a â€Å"0†. Thus when a computer is processing data the trillions of small electric circuits within the microprocessor are in various patterns of on and off states. Information, on the other hand, is knowledge that is communicated (Millar, 1999). Given that humans find it difficult and time-consuming to work with binary digits, computers are able to store, process and deliver data in various formats that are much easier for humans to comprehend. Some of the data formats that computers give as output are: numbers, characters, graphics, digital audio and video, animation and multimedia (Scanlan, 2002). It from this combination of data formats that humans are able to derive meaning from the computer’s output. Of course before giving output, computers perform combinations, permutations or any other instructions that have been input by the user to manipulate data and create

Internet, or computers is a new necessity Essay Example for Free

Internet, or computers is a new necessity Essay This paper asserts that the Internet is not a luxury anymore in everyday life, hence it is has become a new necessity and that the Internet today benefits many aspects of life physically, economically and socially. This paper will prove these assertions with evidence and counterarguments by overcoming by at least one argument that may forwarded against. Starting with physical reason, it is argued by some that Internet is should only be used by those in the office and those who have the luxury of time and money. Computers which are means to access the Internet are needed only if one has money is the justification of some. This may have been the result a survey conducted for the Americans (Pew Research Center, 2006) where the respondents were all rich and therefore they can afford to have computers that would eventually lead them to have a continuous access in the Internet. If one ask a group of people who have no money, will they then answer the same thing or will they answer that they also need the internet only that they cannot afford? This paper believes the second argument that the lack of money in the meantime is equivalent to absence of need. This is argument may be the result the of movement to give one laptop for each child by a non government organization despite the utter lack of money of every child to have the access to the internet. The hidden reason is the indispensability of having to be linked to the world to benefit from the knowledge economy. The lack of money should not be therefore a reason recognize that the need is not there. To further support this counter argument is the belief that a hungry man who cannot afford to eat does not mean that he or she does not need the food the food anymore. What the hungry do is to find the means in order to have that food. For economic reason, it is argued by some that access to the Internet via computers should only be accessed by those who have financial transactions via the network. The internet is supposed to facilitate business communications among those who are into it like the banks. The said argument misses the point of having to have access in the Internet. Who else will not need the banking industry this time? If one belongs to a third world country and waits for a cash remittance from a first world country, does he or she not know that the money will have to pass through the Internet that links the banks around the world. In case the remitter and the expected recipient will encounter a problem with the remittance, will they not require the use of the Internet to facilitate the communication? If this happened before, they can talk via phone but this time a cheaper mode is available. They can chat in the Internet and they can solve their problem from there. That point of this counter argument is that business entities use the Internet, the public will have to follow using the same because that is demanded by the need of the times. It may be explained that the banking industry are interlinked around the world, hence to say that they are not interlinked is shortsightedness. Investors from richer countries of the world are pouring their investments in poorer countries too with the expectation of the developing the market. What will this rich investor’s do is to employ people from these poor countries and the moment these workers have financial capacity, they will immediately become members of the financial community that lives on computers and the Internet. With communications to have become cheaper, the Internet has employed many which afforded people to better educate them selves. Because of the Internet, people can now study online and can transact online. Shall not the better education and better communication caused by the Internet then? For social reason, Hertlein and Sendak (n. d. ) also argued that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet allows users to develop online interpersonal relationships and this resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously existing assumed romantic relationships. They thus argued for Internet infidelity resulting from these breaches. They also noted that fact that as the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, it also inherently affects the manner in which a couple defines intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous and upon which they may not agree under the present level of technology using the Internet. Seeing the effect of such change on interpersonal relationships, they saw the effect of a â€Å"compromised intimacy and a devaluing of the primary relationship, potentially cascading into other significant problems. † (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d. ). It may be counter-argued however that what may have been termed as internet infidelity may infer that as an increased freedom to communicate and express oneself because freedom allows so. It cannot be argued that the Internet cause infidelity because it is the human person who made the choice to communicate for more freely to other people. To justify their points, Hertlein, and Sendak said that the paradoxical nature of online relationships has been noted by many where they illustrated cases of people engaged in online relationships that can choose to present a detached attachment. They explained that Internet allows for immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity thus allowing transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. This, the authors found causes â€Å"elements of a disembodied corporeality, easily abandoned high investment and strictly private proclamations of the union. † (Hertlein and Sendak,n.d. ) Again this appears to be short sighted interpretation of the use of the Interne since it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. It may be argued that people make choices not the Internet. As further evidence against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak found flirting in use of the Internet, masturbations committed online (Hertlein and Sendak , n. d). They cited Maheu and Subotnik who found flirtation leads to erotic satisfaction â€Å"as there is a mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life. † (M Mahu R Subotnik, 9) They also cited research estimates that about 20% of Internet users while online to have engaged in some sexual activity (Cooper, Scherer, Mathy, 2001). On a balancing note, as counterargument against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak (n. d. ) cited that benefits from the use of the Internet such as the shift to better intellectual and emotional relationships of individuals due to individuals’ greater appreciation for online relationships. They cited a study, where participants reported greater levels of satisfaction with their online relationships than with their face-to-face relationships (Underwood, H B Findlay, 127-140). They also noted greater freedom to express feelings that could not be done in non-virtual relationships specially the for men. Before one knows it one is confession all sorts of things in the Internet and it is good for people psychologically. Good relationships may be produced in the net because of more freedom to express oneself or the result of an incontrovertible marketing of the self. In ace-to-face communication, one who engages in a relationship must in many aspects expose one’s identity to be potentially judged and the self cannot escape the agony of embarrassment. But in the Internet one can do many things like disguising in many names but with the eventual benefit of self discovery and more psychologically matured to face the world. Thus, Hertlein, and Sendak found that Internet users shape personal demographic information to be in better compliance with what they assume to be others’ version of the ideal mate that in so doing, a person may better come to understand how one’s own being can change. With the anonymity therefore afforded on the Internet that enhances one’s ability to promote any chosen identity, experimentation with different identities has become familiar commonly understood and practices by many in the Internet. What is the effect of all this is the social construction of self as highlighted and elevated? (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d). This paper has proven that the use of the computer or the Internet has become a necessity physically, economically and socially. The arguments forwarded against were overcome by contrary evidence. The physical reason that only in the office have need of the internet has almost made everybody not able almost able to live without the computer or the Internet because it is those who have the resources who make the world running by forcing almost every to see the benefits of the technology. One cannot refuse money passing through the high technology banking using the Internet. One will have to be eventually become part of the banking system of the international communication promoted by the Internet. The economic reasons are obvious. Who does not want cheaper cost of communication and faster way of service? Who would not want to see what is happening in the world when one will have the money to buy even a gadget to have access in the Internet? What would have caused the non-governmental organization to dream for one laptop for each child despite the financial incapacity to acquire one? Should we not rather conclude that there is a strong belief that they the acquisition of knowledge of more knowledge the faster way that will cause intellectual and economic prosperity of these children? There is also enough ground to overcome the argument that that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet has allowed the online interpersonal relationships that resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously which were romantic relationships before. That the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, to have affected the couple definition of intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous are just sighs of enlightened path for more freedom to intimacy in other forms. It was explained that what may have been termed as internet infidelity is actually a failure to appreciate and adjust to changing reality that people have become more socially adjustable indeed because of the technology. It was thus observed that people engaged in online relationships that can have a detached attachment, immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity which transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. The finding by authors of more socially adjusted beings mere pointed to the need to have the technology these days where people could now have parties and occasions even if these people are apart from each other. The argument against by using on line or Internet infidelity is a shortsighted interpretation of the use of the technology as it is basic to understand that it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. The finding also that online activities resulted to flirtation leading to erotic satisfaction given the mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life is just a revelation that man has been doing the same thing in secret with or without the Internet. The Internet was invented to serve mankind and since necessity is the mother of all inventions, one could not but accept the fact the invention has become a necessity. The ever increasing growth of the industry are living proofs Internet is to remain in the lives of many people because not only that the advantages of far outweighs the disadvantages of having the same but the technology come into being because of the need to survive. Economically speaking technology increased production and productivity although population continuously grows. Works Cited:Cooper, Scherer, Mathy, Overcoming †¦over a 5-year Period’, Journal of Personality Social Psychology 84(2): 352–64, 2001 D Greenfield, Virtual Addiction. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 1999. Hertlein and Sendak, Love â€Å"Bytes†: Internet Infidelity and the Meaning of Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Relationships, n. d. , www document} URL http://www. inter-disciplinary. net/ptb/persons/pil/pil1/hertleinsendak%20paper. pdf, Accessed July 14,2007 M Mahu R Subotnik, Infidelity on the Internet. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. , 2001, p. 9. Nie, N. Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the InternetReconciling Conflicting Findings, 2001, Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 3, 420-435 (2001)2001 SAGE Publications, {www document} URL , Pew Research Center Luxury or Necessity? Things We Can’t Live Without: The List Has Grown in the Past Decade December 14, 2006, {www document} URL, http://pewresearch. org/pubs/323/luxury-or-necessity, Accessed July 14,2007 Underwood, H B Findlay, Internet Relationships and Their Impact on Primary Relationship, Behavior Change, 21/2, 2004, pp. 127-140.

In the Eyes of Our Youth :: essays research papers

In an empty parking lot, night streetlights shining in the back ground. She looks simple, like you’re next door neighbor. Wearing jeans low on the waist, with a small tank top, showing her midriff. A young woman, about 20 with her arms crossed, and a look on her face that says she’s tough, she can take it. Her looks are appealing to the casual observer; She seems to be waiting for something, or someone, as she slightly leans on the back of the only car in the lot. â€Å"Dangerously Low, LEVI’S low-rise jeans,† says the ad, there are many things odd about it. In many ways this add sticks out from the rest, most commonly ads contain perfect looking girls with their makeup done, and hair, in model perfection. But her look is simple and everyday, she would not stick out in a crowd. There are mixed messages in the ad, some are more obvious then others. Its an ad based on common ground, the obvious message, is that any girl can wear Levi's. But why stick her in an empty parking lot, at night with streetlights shining in the distance, mostly likely because that's what young people do when their bored hang around parking lots. This ad is aimed at young girls, not any specific age really but mostly geared towards 14 year olds and up. But why say dangerously low, in a way its telling us if you want to be dangerous, wear low-rise jeans and you too will look like her. Sexy and vulnerable. A young women alone at night, makes her more dangerous, and â€Å"cool†. Especially in a parking lot, which can be one of the scariest places for women, alone at night. They chose her look to be simple, she doesn’t intimidate you, and she’s not based on perfection. Just an ordinary night out on the town, it’s the kind of shot that doesn’t look professional, but more random. You could just imagine having seen a girl like that in any parking lot in America. Even her jewelry is common, in fact you barely notice the jeans, until your reminded it’s a Levi’s ad. Her arms crossed betrays her tough look, basically any girl alone in a parking lot at night is vulnerable. The very fact that young people consider, just being out driving to be fun, its assumed by the advertisers that every girl at least in some point in there lives has been out cruising. In the Eyes of Our Youth :: essays research papers In an empty parking lot, night streetlights shining in the back ground. She looks simple, like you’re next door neighbor. Wearing jeans low on the waist, with a small tank top, showing her midriff. A young woman, about 20 with her arms crossed, and a look on her face that says she’s tough, she can take it. Her looks are appealing to the casual observer; She seems to be waiting for something, or someone, as she slightly leans on the back of the only car in the lot. â€Å"Dangerously Low, LEVI’S low-rise jeans,† says the ad, there are many things odd about it. In many ways this add sticks out from the rest, most commonly ads contain perfect looking girls with their makeup done, and hair, in model perfection. But her look is simple and everyday, she would not stick out in a crowd. There are mixed messages in the ad, some are more obvious then others. Its an ad based on common ground, the obvious message, is that any girl can wear Levi's. But why stick her in an empty parking lot, at night with streetlights shining in the distance, mostly likely because that's what young people do when their bored hang around parking lots. This ad is aimed at young girls, not any specific age really but mostly geared towards 14 year olds and up. But why say dangerously low, in a way its telling us if you want to be dangerous, wear low-rise jeans and you too will look like her. Sexy and vulnerable. A young women alone at night, makes her more dangerous, and â€Å"cool†. Especially in a parking lot, which can be one of the scariest places for women, alone at night. They chose her look to be simple, she doesn’t intimidate you, and she’s not based on perfection. Just an ordinary night out on the town, it’s the kind of shot that doesn’t look professional, but more random. You could just imagine having seen a girl like that in any parking lot in America. Even her jewelry is common, in fact you barely notice the jeans, until your reminded it’s a Levi’s ad. Her arms crossed betrays her tough look, basically any girl alone in a parking lot at night is vulnerable. The very fact that young people consider, just being out driving to be fun, its assumed by the advertisers that every girl at least in some point in there lives has been out cruising.

Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Two English Learning Visual Advertisements Essay

It was not until the advent of â€Å"new media age†, which by definition involves prevailing digital-mediated communication modes and substantial usage of multiple semiotic resources combined in the realization of discourses, did the mainstream preference of monomodality unprecedentedly challenged (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2001). Language, as one of the semiotic resources, is by no means the only carrier to realize discourses. Diversity should be acknowledged in the current age when visual, audio and other kinds of semiotic resources are convenient and efficient in delivering the abstract discourses concept into expressions (Kress, 2003). The present study will base its analysis primarily on the multimodal discourse analysis framework and visual grammar proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996, 2001), as an application of their theoretical framework into practices. Since the multimodal discourse analysis (hereafter MDA) theory has been established only within this recent decade, an d it is relatively hard to find solid references to support this theory, flaws and limitations are therefore unavoidable. As MDA is considered the subdivision of Systemic Functional Linguistics (hereafter SFL) which focus on social semiotic approach of critical discourse analysis (hereafter CDA), this present study should be considered as an experimental attempt of utilizing MDA in incorporating social culture and ideology into discourse analysis[1]. Firstly, the rationale underneath this present research is based on Kress and Leeuwen’s four-layered meaning rendering domains known as â€Å"strata† (Kress & Leeuwen, 2001), as well as their theoretical construction of visual grammar, which is an outspread, or more specifically generalization of verbal grammar (Kress & Leeuwen, 1996). Basically, the theory of strata gives an overall account of meaning-making in multiple articulations among discourse, design, production and distribution, the first two of which being associated with content and the latter two with expression. The basic meaning making flow is conceptualization (from discourse to design), materialization (from design to production) and reproduction (from production to distribution). In this research, only the first phase of meaning articulation will be dealt with, because the data analyzed here are visual advertisement posters on the internet without tangible material texture such as paper or stone, which made the analysis less complex and more focused. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001, pp.21), the process of design involves three things simultaneously: (1) a formulation of a discourse or combination of discourses, (2) a particular (inter)action, in which the discourse is embedded, and (3) a particular way of combining semiotic modes. This threefold process has at least two implications: (1) the realization of social communication by encoding the abstract discourse into a specific design and (2) deliberate choice of communication media through which the meaning could be more effectively delivered, such as the combination of music, image and sequence in films. For the second implication, this present research only involves visual mode of semiotic resource which further reduced the complication of analysis. The first implication is actually the central focus in this research paper. If the process of designing is, to some extend, a process of encoding, then using the visual grammar to analyze this design is exactly the reverse process, namely decoding. That is to say, this paper is aiming at using visual grammar as a tool to decode the visual image so that to find out the hidden social constructed discourses underneath the poster. The similarity between visual grammar and verbal grammar lies in their system underlying the language-use, the ubiquitous fundamental elements of linguistic rules (Chomsky, 1972). This generative grammar lends validity to the set of rules Kress proposed suitable for analyzing visual literacy or visual language. This present analysis will primarily follow Kress’ framework of visual grammar, divided into three levels: representational, interactional and compositional. The representational grammar is heavily associated with ideational meaning in SFL, which basically deals with the internal relations between the depicted participant s and a setting of circumstances in which they occur[2]. The representational grammar is basically realized by vectors which could exhibit the interrelations between the participants or between the participant and the viewer. In advertisement 1 (see appendix), the participant is a young white-collar employee who desperately gazing towards the reader/viewer. From the perspective of the representational grammar, this is a non-transactional reaction, characterized by a gazer but without a phenomenon appearing on the poster. The non-transactional process is characterized by a vector extending from the gazer’s eyes towards directly outside the poster or to the reader/viewer who looks at the poster. Similarly, advertisement 2 (see appendix) also shows a non-transactional reaction. But the gazer—a caricature figure of ancient Chinese historical character Zhuge Liang—does not extend his eye-line vector directly towards the reader but to somewhere else without specified phenomenon. Moreover, the second advertisement has, though implicit, an action vector: the feather fan in the cartoon figure’s hand indicates a manner of waving. Although this action vector is also non-transactional, it is stronger than a reaction vector. If comparing these two posters from a representational level, the first one is completely reaction vector with clear pointing angle to the reader. That is to say, the reader/viewer here is actually the phenomenon of the gazer. The second one has both action vector and reaction vector, though both non-transactional. The action vector adds to the poster’s agentive quality and centralized its salience on the movement of waving feather fan. The interactive grammar is concerned with social relations between interactants and the represented world of text (readers/viewers). There are four major systems: contacts, social distance, attitude and modality (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996, pp.43-118). The following part will analyze the two posters within each system. In the first advertisement, the interactive participant, or that young male white-collar imposes a â€Å"demand† contact towards the viewer, which is a direct eye-line vector towards outside the poster. Contrastively, the gazer on the second poster presented an â€Å"offer† contact, which is characterized by no direct eye contact (though imaginary) with the viewer. The distinction between demand and offer significantly distinguished these two posters. The mood represented in the first one is more engaged, direct and intensive. The young male looks directly to the reader as if interrogating the readers if they had been through the same desperation and suspicion on the fact whether Chinese could ever learn English well. He seeks the recognition and resonances from the reader towards his own feelings. His demanding eye-line attracts the reader’s counter-directional reaction vector, and the reader will feel passively being gazed and therefore a tense feeling and obliged inward self-inspection: â€Å"whether I am just like him who cannot learn English well.† However, the mood in the second poster is more disentangled, aloof and carefree. The cartoon character looks at somewhere else as if intentionally avoiding eye contact with the reader. This manner of â€Å"offer† invites the reader to cast reaction vector towards him. By showing a confident manner of â€Å"already discovered the secrets of learning English†, this advertisement uses the absence of contact as a strategy to arouse viewer’s interest in discovering â€Å"what exactly is the secret that this ancient sage has†. Similarly, under the social distance system of analysis, the first poster is very intimate/personal, characterized by a close shot, yet the second one is relatively impersonal under a medium shot. From the perspective of attitude system, the first poster is presented from a front, eye-level angle which represents heavy involvement and equal status with the viewers. The designer of the poster intends to create a young man who could be anyone of those young white-collar who has problems learning English. The second one is also presented from a front, eye-level angle. Yet it is noticeable that due to the disproportion of its body and the small proportion between his eyes and the entire face, it is very likely to get an illusion that it is a low angle, which signifies the represented participant’s power. The compositional grammar primarily deals with the way in which information or value is transferred from the represented participants towards the viewers. Since the two posters both adopted a centered circular position which presented their central characters in the very core of the composition, there is very little to compare in the aspect.

My Unforgettable childhood events after Middle School Graduation Essay

I have some bad while some good incident or occasions, which are never forgettable for me. For example, my circumstance after completing middle school graduation, which was good in one-way of thinking; however, it is bad in my way of thinking. Every person or family or country has some unforgettable occasion or events. For instance, America had the 9/11 incident, which is considered bad for USA. I was an average student when I was in Middle school and had so many dreams to fulfill after graduations such as to go for vacations, making fun with friends, etc., but there was someone who wanted to prove himself that he was enemy of my happiness. As I completed my middle school with good grades along with the age of 14, my dad came to me and said â€Å"I have a big surprise for you. â€Å" He said he got something, which would be helpful for me, along with studying in the High school. First of all, I became happy by thinking that he brought a new bike for me. However, that happiness was with me until he said what the surprise was. As soon as he told me about his surprise, I was really shocked and was not happy anymore, because he wanted me to help him in his business, which is a small printing press. I thought that I would make fun with my friends and enjoy my life fully when I completed my middle school and would go to the High school to get a higher education. I did not understand why he was trying to snatch my freedom, as I was expecting a good gift from him. I was not happy with my dad after knowing his intension for me. The reason for my unhappiness is that I did not go anywhere during my school days and did not know anything outside my county. I did not even visit out of state for enjoying vacation or for fun. Sometimes some theory or thinking has negative approach or has positive approach according to ones understanding. The same thing happened in my case. He was right according to his point of view. He was thinking about my future. He did not want me to just study, but he did like to introduce me to the outside economy and how to deal with people, which can only be learned by personal experience at a job place. After he told me why he was telling me to do a job, I realized that he was right. I also realized that he loves me a lot and takes care of me. He wanted me to get a good education with part time activities in the press company with him. Every parents feel proud depending on the success of their son/daughter. My dad loves me very much and also takes care of me. He always looks forward in bringing me up. He usually tells me about different good opportunities and also encourages me to join. If I do well in my study or any other matter, my dad feels that he himself gets success. He looks at his achievements by my achievements. He does not want to see his own head get down because of me. Every father has a dream that his son or daughter does well in every stage of life and gets much success. Even though my father did not do well during his young study age, he expects his children to do better than himself in the studies or job or any other position. If someone is a doctor or a pharmacist or at a high position in society then his/her parents feel proud by exposing his/her intelligence or his/her success in life. While on the other hand, sometimes parents might feel shame in front of others just because of their children. So, if I do something good, which people appreciate, my dad becomes happy and says â€Å"I am proud of you. † My dad want to me be a good educated man in society first, then I am free to enjoy anything. Therefore as soon as I completed my middle school, my dad told me to work with him, which I can say is a bad incident or occasion for me. However, when I understand that there is a big fact behind that, it would not be any bad incident or news for me. My dad explained me very politely that once I would be a good educated person in a society, then I would have a much time to enjoy life and do what ever I want, which I could not able to do during my school days. Thus because of only this circumstances, I can present my self as an independent person in society. That was considered almost a good change in my life. There are so many people who have either good occasion or bad one, but for me it has a dual nature depending on the way of thinking.

Primarks Entry into the Brazilian Market

Primarks Entry into the Brazilian Market Brief Synopsis of the Issue This proposal is informed by the expressed need for Primark, a British-owned, Irish clothing retailer, to enter into the Brazilian market as part of the firm’s internalisation orientation.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Primark’s Entry into the Brazilian Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategic proactive decision to compete in the Brazilian market arises out of the firm’s deliberate policy to exploit foreign market potential and growth, diversify markets through opportunistic global market development, and follow customers abroad to entrench customer satisfaction (Agergaard 2010). Primark stands to gain competitively and strategically through the application of this market entry proposal to market its products in Brazil. Recommendations Primark should develop and implement a strong brand image to successfully compete with other established apparel s tores operating in Brazil, such as Zara and Mango; Primark should use the vast knowledge and experience gained in expanding its operations into markets considered as physically close (European markets) to successfully internationalise its operations in Brazil; Primark should consider establishing an apparel factory in Brazil to cut down on logistics costs involved in transporting products from far-away Asian countries into the Brazilian market; and Primark should enter into the Brazilian market by establishing a wholly owned subsidiary through the acquisition of already existing firms. Background Although Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland, it is evident that the firm’s entry into other European markets (e.g., Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands and the United Kingdom) has successfully positioned it as a reputable seller of fashionable clothes at the low cost end of the market. In all these markets, the entry mode has always been through acquisitions or direct foreign investments. However, the Brazilian market presents new challenges that warrant comprehensive analysis, particularly in light of the market’s geographic proximity, cultural and social issues in Brazil, as well as political and regulatory frameworks. Extant literature demonstrates that although Brazil has one of the largest commodity stocks and a high population with a quickly mounting purchasing power for consumer products and services, it nevertheless has a high tax regime and a bureaucracy that necessitates much patience on the part of firms wishing to enter the country’s markets (Agergaard 2010). It is important to note that this is Primark’s second attempt to enter international markets outside of the confines of the European Union after successfully entering the United States market, hence the need for careful analysis and evaluation.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The remainder of this market entry proposal is organised as follows: first, a concise analysis of market opportunities (country-level analysis) is provided. An analysis of Brazil’s attractiveness (risks, costs, benefits) is then provided, followed by a concise situation analysis of Primark using the SWOT analysis framework. In the following section, an analysis of the firm’s readiness to enter the Brazilian market is undertaken. Afterwards, issues of global sourcing, production and logistics are assessed, followed by a critical analysis of the firm’s market entry strategy, along with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed entry mode. In the final section, a step-by-step approach to the implementation of the proposed strategy is discussed, followed by an analysis of the benefits and potential barriers to successful implementation and evaluation of the market entry strategy. Analysis of Market Opportunities in Brazil (Country-Level Analysis) The choice of which country to enter is of immense importance to the internalising firm, and requires considerable deliberation and analysis on the market opportunities existing in the country and if such opportunities will lead to a firm’s competitive advantage (Douglas Craig 2011). A framework comprising four main areas, namely competitive intensity, customer dynamics, technological vulnerability and microeconomics (Cunill, Forteza, Gil-Lafuente 2013), is used to determine the type and magnitude of country-level market opportunities. The results of the analysis are as follows: Competitive intensity This dimension deals with the number of competitors in the country as well as their strengths and weaknesses (Cunill et al 2013).With a GDP of USD 1.574 trillion in 2009 (International Monetary Fund 2010), Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies in the world; however, the country is yet to attr act many global retailers in the apparel industry, hence the competitive intensity is low. Zara, Mango and the British street starwart CA are the early entrants into the Brazilian apparel industry, hence their brands may be popular in the country (Thomson, 2012). However, these retailers deal with the high-end consumer market, implying that Primark still has the capacity to successfully position itself as a reputable seller of fashionable clothes at the low cost end of the market.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Primark’s Entry into the Brazilian Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer dynamics This dimension deals with unconstrained opportunity for customers, segment interaction, and rate of customer growth (Cunill et al 2013). The economic outlook of Brazil can be described as healthy, thus customers are likely to feel more confident in shopping for clothes beyond their basic necessities due t o their strong purchasing power. With the mounting economic fortunes, Brazil is expected to maintain a strong rate of customer growth and customers are likely to spend more money to satisfy particular lifestyles, needs and personalities (Lee 2014). Technical vulnerability This dimension deals with technology adoption as well as the impact of new technologies (Cunill et al 2013). Brazil is a leader in technology adoption and use in South America (Agergaard 2010), hence it is expected that the costs for technology adoption and use will be low. Macroeconomics This dimension deals with the market size and profitability of the market in a particular market (Cunill et al 2013). In light of the fact that Brazil is by far the most populous country in South America and the tenth largest economy in the world by GDP analysis (Agergaard 2010), it is estimated that there is a huge market for the apparel industry and an equally profitable market due to high consumer purchasing power and low entry of foreign apparel retailers into the Brazilian market. Country Attractiveness (Risks, Costs, Benefits) Brazil is a politically stable and democratic country with a diverse climatic environment that is favourable for the sale of a multiplicity of clothing designs, ranging from bikinis to cold wear. Brazil is not in danger of any political or military upheaval which may shift the country’s economic rules and regulations overnight, implying that political and economic risks in the country are low and favourable for investing. However, the cost of doing business in Brazil is high due to a burdensome tax regime and bureaucratic red tape (Agergaard 2010).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The benefits of internalising into the Brazilian market include (1) a huge market size for clothes, (2) a customer base with high purchasing power due to the favourable economic outlook, (4) well established infrastructural and technological expertise, and (5) minimal entry of foreign-based apparel retailers into the Brazilian market (International Monetary Fund 2010; Thomson, 2012). Company Situation Analysis (Firm-Level Analysis) Primark’s situation analysis demonstrates that its present business strategy of offering value and low prices is working to provide the firm with a strong financial position due to the attainment of high sales volumes coupled with lower retail margins (Primark n.d.). A strong financial position is critical in the internalisation process (Ekeledo Sivakumar 2004; Chiao et al 2010). The firm’s prices and costs remain competitive in line with its business model; however, it needs to develop and implement strategies aimed at not only maintaining a strong competitive position but also addressing several strategic issues facing the company, such as the maintenance of low cost, supply chain challenges in product sourcing, and high competition from quality competitors like Peacock and Matalan (Ross Harradine 2010). The SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) framework is used to undertake Primark’s situation analysis, with results indicated as follows: Strengths Primark’s strengths include a strong market presence (almost 200 stores across Ireland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Portugal), strong financial base witnessed by its high annual turnover, customer loyalty due to unique product offerings, employee participation, innovative clothing lines, and strong commitment to ethical operations and effective governance (Ross Harradine 2010). The firm’s strong financial base, innovative clothing lines and customer loyalty are critical to the successful entry into th e Brazilian market. Weaknesses The weaknesses of Primark include brand imitation by companies offering similar products, lack of a strong brand image and recognition, and lack of advertising due to the low-cost business model (Rowley 2009). The competitive intensity and customer dynamics in Brazil demands that Primark develops a strong brand image to successfully compete with other established apparel stores such as Zara and Mango. Opportunities The firm’s opportunities lie in diversifying its products, increasing its market size, and increasing the use of technology to reach more customers in diversified geographic markets (Rowley 2009). Increasing market share is one of the driving forces of a firm’s internalisation strategy (Ahsan Musteen 2011), hence Primark is bound to gain from its entry into the Brazilian market as customers in the country have a high purchasing power and are likely to spend more to satisfy particular lifestyles (Agergaard 2010). Threats Primar k’s threats include strong competition, presence of cheaper apparel stores, rapid and constant shifts in fashion, as well as lack of consumer spending power in some of its European markets (Ross Harradine 2010). While Primark may have to develop strategies aimed at effectively competing with other international and local apparel stores in Brazil, it will nevertheless benefit immensely from the high spending power of Brazilian customers. Readiness to go Overseas From the analysis, it is evident that Primark is ready to enter into the Brazilian market, particularly in light of its strong financial base, customer loyalty, unique product offerings in diversified markets, and propensity to increase market size. The firm has a strong presence in several countries across Europe, implying that it has the necessary experiential knowledge needed in internalising its operations in distant countries such as Brazil. This is in line with the Upsalla Model of Internationalisation, which po stulates that â€Å"firms develop their activities abroad over time and in an incremental fashion, based on their knowledge development† (Whitelock 2002, p. 342). Primark has already expanded its operations to markets considered as physically close to its headquarters in Dublin, implying that it can use the knowledge developed to expand into markets considered as distant. Global Sourcing, Production Logistics The firm will continue to source clothes from low-cost countries such as India, China, Bangladesh and Turkey, while aligning its sourcing strategy with its business strategy of providing customers with ethically sourced garments (Primark n.d.). Owing to the vast natural resources found in Brazil, including cotton and silk, Primark should also consider establishing a comprehensive supply chain with local suppliers for cheap raw materials. Such an arrangement would require the firm to construct its own factory in Brazil, an endeavour that may be costly in the short-term d ue to the high tax regime and bureaucratic red tape (Agergaard 2010). However, Primark stands to benefit in the long-term due to reduced costs of transporting products by air and sea from far-away source countries in Asia into the Brazilian market. The company should continue to employ lean production and efficient operational practices with the view to realising its objective of satisfying the low end market spectrum with high quality fashion products (Ross Harradine 2010). Market Entry Strategy International market entry scholarship demonstrates the existence of several entry modes which are basically divided into two categorisations, namely equity and nonequity entry modes. Equity entry modes include joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries (e.g., Greenfield investments, whereas nonequity entry modes are basically exports and contractual agreements that include licensing, franchising, turnkey projects, as well as RD contracts (Ekeledo Sivakumar 2004; Murray, Ju, Gao 2012). The recommended entry mode choice for Primark into the Brazilian market is by establishing a wholly owned subsidiary through the acquisition of already existing firms. Primark is presently in a strong financial position due to the attainment of high sales volumes in its foreign operations mostly in Europe (Ross Harradine 2010). The firm should use this strength to commit adequate resources to undertake a direct establishment in the Brazilian market. Another justification is based on the fact that the firm has developed adequate knowledge in conducting acquisitions in European markets and should therefore use this knowledge to establish a wholly owned subsidiary in Brazil. The strengths of the proposed entry mode include (1) capacity to enable the parent company take control of the supply chain of established subsidiaries through vertical integration, (2) capacity to diversify and manage risk, and (3) opportunity for Primark to negotiate better tax terms with the Brazilian governme nt (Chiao et al 2010). However, wholly owned subsidiaries may actually result in more taxes due to the employment of separate business entities, not mentioning that diversification can cause the parent company to lose focus on what it does best (Chiao et al 2010). Implementation of Market Entry Strategy, Benefits Barriers The steps to be used in implementing the proposed market entry strategy include: developing and implementing an acquisition strategy in line with the firm’s low cost business strategy, identify suitable targets in Brazil based on the firm’s strategy, begin discussions with potential targets, arrange for a business valuation of the preferred target, secure the needed financing to acquire the target, conduct due diligence, negotiate, structure, and close the deal, plan and implement a post-acquisition strategy (Whitelock Rees 2003). Lastly, the benefits to successful implementation of the proposed market entry strategy for Primark include increase i n sales revenues, increase in customer base due to the firm’s low price strategy, high returns to the firm’s shareholders, and ability to communicate and fully control the enterprise (Ahsan Musteen 2011; Cunill et al 2013). However, barriers may present in terms of experiencing challenges in repatriating earnings, exposure to high risks due to great commitment in capital and managerial effort, as well as cultural challenges in the host country. Reference List Agergaard, MB 2010, How to ensure a successful entrance to the Brazilian market: With a focus on Danish production companies, http://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/32310771/HowtoensureasuccessfulentrancetotheBrazilianmarket.pdf. Ahsan, M Musteen, M 2011, ‘Multinational enterprises’ entry mode strategies and uncertainty: A review and extension’, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 376-392. Chiao, YC, Lo, FY Yu, CM 2010, ‘Choosing between wholly-owned subsid iaries and joint ventures of MNCs from an emerging market’, International Marketing Review, vol. 27 no. 3, pp. 338-365. Cunill, OM, Forteza, CM Gil-Lafuente, AM 2013, ‘Choice of entry mode into a foreign market: The case of Balearic hotel chains in the Caribbean region’, Kybernetes, vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 800-814. Douglas, SP Craig, S 2011, ‘The role of context in assessing international marketing opportunities’, International Marketing Review, vol. 28 no. 2, pp. 150-162. Ekeledo, I Sivakumar, K 2004, ‘International market entry mode strategies of manufacturing firms and service firms: A resource-based perspective’, International Marketing Review, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 68-101. International Monetary Fund 2010, World economic outlook database, imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007ey=2010scsm=1ssd=1sort=countryds=.br=1c=223s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLPgrp=0a=pr.x=83pr.y=18. Lee, K 2014, What customer dynam ics affect clothing companies, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/customer-dynamics-affect-clothing-companies-34339.html . Murray, JY, Ju, M Gao, Y 2012, ‘Foreign market entry timing revisited: Trade-off between market share performance and firm survival’, Journal of International Marketing, vol. 20 no. 3, pp. 50-64. Primark n.d., http://download.businesscasestudies.co.uk/retrieve_primark_15_cHJpbWFyay9jYXNlLXN0dWRpZXMvMTUvZnVsbC5wZGZ8fEFmZkFuZHk=. Ross, J Harradine, R 2010, ‘Value brands: Cheap or trendy?: An investigation into young consumers and supermarket clothing’, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, vol. 14 no. 3, pp. 350-366. Rowley, J 2009, ‘Online branding strategies for UK fashion retailers’, Internet Research, vol. 19 no. 3, pp. 348-369. Thomson, R 2012, Analysis: Why have so few retailers entered Brazil, retail-week.com/analysis-why-have-so-few-retailers-entered-brazil/5040089.article. Whitelock, J 2002, ‘Theories of i nternalisation and their impact on market entry’, International Marketing Review, vol. 19 no. 4, pp. 342-347. Whitelock, J Rees, M 2003, ‘Trends in margins, acquisitions, and joint ventures in the single European market’, European Business Review, vol. 93 no. 4, pp. 118-129.

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy

Tips for Writing Broadcast News Copy The idea behind news writing is pretty simple: keep it short and to the point. Everyone writing for a newspaper or website knows this. But that idea gets taken to a new level with it comes to writing copy for radio or television broadcasts. There are lots of tips for broadcast news writing that make the job a little easier. Keep It Simple Newspaper reporters who want to show off their writing style occasionally insert a fancy word into a story. That just doesnt work in broadcast news writing. Broadcast copy must be as simple as possible. Remember, viewers arent reading what youre writing, theyre hearing it. People watching TV or listening to the radio generally dont have time to check a dictionary. So keep your sentences simple and use basic, easily understood words. If you find youve put a longer word in a sentence, replace it with a shorter one. Example: Print: The physician conducted an extensive autopsy on the decedent.Broadcast: The doctor did an autopsy on the body. Keep It Short Generally, sentences in broadcast copy should be even shorter than those found in print articles. Why? Shorter sentences are more easily understood than long ones. Also, remember that broadcast copy must be read out loud. If you write a sentence thats too long, the news anchor will be gasping for breath just to finish it. Individual sentences in broadcast copy should be short enough to be easily read in one breath. Example: Print: President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats sought to ease Republican complaints about a massive economic stimulus plan Friday, meeting with GOP leaders in the White House and promising to consider some of their recommendations.Broadcast: President Barack Obama met with Republican leaders in Congress today. The Republicans arent happy with Obamas big economic stimulus plan. Obama says hell consider their ideas. Keep It Conversational Many sentences found in newspaper stories simply sound stilted and unwieldy when theyre read out loud. Use a conversational style in your broadcast writing. Doing so will make it sound more like real speech, as opposed to a script someone is reading. Example: Print: Pope Benedict XVI joined U.S. President Barack Obama and Queen Elizabeth II on Friday by launching his own YouTube channel, the latest Vatican effort to reach out to the digital generation.Broadcast: President Obama has a Youtube channel. So does Queen Elizabeth. Now Pope Benedict has one, too. The pope wants to use the new channel to reach out to young people. Use One Main Idea per Sentence Sentences in newspaper stories sometimes contain several ideas, usually in clauses that are broken up by commas. But in broadcast writing, you really shouldnt put more than one main idea in each sentence. Why not? You guessed it - put more than one main idea per sentence and that sentence will be too long. Example: Print: Gov. David Paterson appointed Democratic U.S. Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand on Friday to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat, finally settling on a woman from a largely rural, eastern district of the state to replace Hillary Rodham Clinton.Broadcast: Gov. David Paterson has appointed Democratic Congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand to fill New Yorks vacant Senate seat. Gillibrand is from a rural part of the state. She will replace Hillary Rodham Clinton. Use the Active Voice Sentences written in the active voice just naturally tend to be shorter and more to-the-point than those written in the passive voice. Example: Passive: The robbers were arrested by police.Active: Police arrested the robbers. Use a Lead-In Sentence Most broadcast news stories start with a lead-in sentence that is fairly general. Broadcast news writers do this to alert viewers that a new story is being presented, and to prepare them for the information that is to follow. Example: Theres more bad news today from Iraq. Note that this sentence doesnt say very much. But again, it lets the viewer know that the next story is going to be about Iraq. The lead-in sentence almost serves as a kind of headline for the story. Heres an example of a broadcast news item. Note the use of a lead-in line, short, simple sentences, and a conversational style. Theres more bad news from Iraq. Four U.S. soldiers were killed in an ambush outside Baghdad today. The Pentagon says the soldiers were hunting insurgents when their Humvee came under sniper fire. The Pentagon hasnt yet released the soldiers names. Put Attribution at the Start of the Sentence Print news stories usually put the attribution, the source of the information, at the end of the sentence. In broadcast news writing, we put them at the beginning. Example: Print: Two men were arrested, police said.Broadcast: Police say two men were arrested. Leave out Unnecessary Details Print stories tend to include a lot of details that we just dont have time for in the broadcast. Example: Print: After robbing the bank, the man drove approximately 9.7 miles before being apprehended, police said.Broadcast: Police say the man robbed the bank, then drove nearly 10 miles before he was caught. Sources Associated Press, The. Rep. Gillibrand gets Clintons Senate seat. NBC News, January 23, 2009. Associated Press, The. Vatican launches Pope YouTube channel. CTV News, January 23, 2009. jengibson. Simplifying Print Writing. Course Hero, 2019. What makes good broadcast writing? StudyLib, 2019.

Critically compare and contrast the methods and aims of Husserls epoch Essay

Critically compare and contrast the methods and aims of Husserls epoch with Descartes method of doubt - Essay Example Anything that surpasses this method is considered as certain by Descartes. For him, the universe fails to survive this method at this juncture. Rather, the only thing that seems to survive according to Descartes is a pure individuality of his cogitations. It is mainly for this that he has perceived as a form of unconditionally unquestionable survival (Taylor, 2009). Descartes perceives this as indubitable since in phrases such as â€Å"I think† or â€Å"I doubt† there exists a being that performs the act of thinking or doubting. In this regard, it would be contradictory for one to doubt of their existence since one must first exists in order to doubt. It is through this ego, as well as its guiding tenets that an objective universe can be deduced. In contrast, Husserl queries whether Descartes’ postulations are worth an investigation because they may not augur well with the current time. Indeed, Husserl acknowledges that those sciences that ought to be grounded in absolute certainty by Descartes have accorded little attention to them. It is notable that in the recent times, the sciences have become faced with several obscurities of their very foundation. By regressing back to concepts of pure ego, Descartes had developed a new form of philosophy that tends to strive towards a situation where true self may be demonstrated in a genuine science. According to Husserl, the failure by Descartes to unify philosophy as a science can be discerned in the modern-day philosophies. Rather than a unitary philosophy, there is a philosophical literature that has superseded all boundaries without coherence. One notable difference in Husserl’s epoch is that as a philosophizing ego, he does not regard the world or other objects as existing. Instead, he only accepts them as mere phenomena. Because these objects are not apodictic, he resorts to parenthesizing of putting them aside in order to perceive what can be left.